A Retrospection on Mercury Contamination, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity in Diverse Environments: Current Insights and Future Prospects

Owing to various industrial applications of mercury (Hg), its release into the environment at high concentration is becoming a great threat living organisms on global scale. Human exposure Hg greatly correlated with contamination in food chain through cereal crops and sea foods. Since non-essential component does not possess biological role exhibits carcinogenic genotoxic behaviour, biomonitoring focus biomagnification higher animals plants need hour. This review traces plausible relationship between concentration, chemical form, exposure, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, distribution, ecotoxicology. The toxicity molecular mechanisms, oxidative stress (OS), protein alteration, genomic change, enzymatic disruptions are discussed. In addition, this also elaborates advanced strategies for reducing such as algal phytoremediation, biochar application, catalytical oxidation, immobilization. Furthermore, there challenges overcome future perspectives considering concentrations, biomarkers, identification nature exposures recommended.